1.
High-strength aluminum alloy​ - Primary material for most pistons.

2.
Precision cast aluminum​ - Common method for producing complex piston shapes.

3.
Forged aluminum​ - Used in high-performance or heavy-duty models for superior strength.

4.
Excellent thermal conductivity​ - Aluminum efficiently transfers heat from the crown.

5.
Low density​ - Keeps reciprocating mass low, improving engine responsiveness.

6.
Good wear resistance​ - With appropriate surface treatments and ring coatings.

7.
High silicon aluminum alloy​ - Silicon particles enhance strength and reduce thermal expansion.

8.
Hypereutectic alloy​ - Contains over 12% silicon for durability and low expansion.

9.
Eutectic alloy​ - Contains around 12% silicon, a common balance of properties.

10.
Precision-machined​ - To exact tolerances for optimal fit and performance.

11.
Anodized surface treatment​ - On some models, for increased surface hardness.

12.
Hard anodizing​ - Creates a ceramic-like layer on the piston crown or skirt.

13.
Nickel-ceramic coated crown​ - For thermal barrier and wear protection.

14.
Molybdenum-coated skirt​ - Reduces friction during the break-in period.

15.
Graphite-coated skirt​ - Acts as a solid lubricant for smooth initial operation.

16.
Phosphate coating​ - Helps retain oil and improves break-in.

17.
Tin-plated skirt​ - Another friction-reducing treatment for run-in.

18.
Forged under high pressure​ - Aligns the metal grain structure for strength.

19.
Heat-treated (T6 condition)​ - Solution heat treated and artificially aged for peak strength.

20.
Solution heat treatment​ - Enhances the alloy's mechanical properties.

21.
Artificial aging​ - Stabilizes the material after heat treatment.

22.
Precision grinding​ - For critical surfaces like the ring grooves and pin bore.

23.
Machined ring grooves​ - To exact specifications for proper ring seating.

24.
Hard anodized ring grooves​ - In some designs, to prevent groove wear and microwelding.

25.
Cast iron top ring insert​ - In some heavy-duty pistons, to reinforce the top ring groove.

26.
Ni-Resist insert​ - A nickel-iron alloy insert for extreme durability in the top ring land.

27.
Cooling gallery design​ - Internal oil passages for crown cooling, enabled by specific casting techniques.

28.
Asymmetric skirt design​ - Compensates for thermal expansion and thrust forces.

29.
Cam-ground profile​ - The skirt is slightly oval when cold, becoming round at operating temperature.

30.
Controlled thermal expansion​ - Alloy composition is designed to match cylinder bore expansion rates.

31.
High fatigue strength​ - Resists cracking under repeated combustion pressures.

32.
Good machinability​ - Allows for precise and efficient manufacturing.

33.
Homogeneous microstructure​ - Ensures consistent properties throughout the piston.

34.
Low coefficient of thermal expansion​ - Critical for maintaining proper clearances.

35.
Lightweight​ - Essential for high-speed engine efficiency and low vibration.